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Methods of Leadership Development
Leader development occurs through formal instruction, developmental job assignments, 360-degree feedback, executive coaching, and self-directed learning. These approaches may occur independently but are more effective in combination.
Formal Training
Organizations often offer formal training programs to their leaders. Traditional styles provide leaders with the required knowledge and skills in a particular area using coursework, practice, “overlearning” with rehearsals, and feedback (Kozlowski, 1998). This traditional lecture-based classroom training is valuable; however, its limitations include a leader’s ability to transfer the information from a training environment to a work setting.
Developmental Job Assignment
Organizations can assign leaders to developmental jobs targeting newly acquired skills following formal training. A developmental job is one in which leaders learn, undergo personal change, and gain leadership skills resulting from the roles, responsibilities, and tasks involved in that job. Developmental job assignments are one of the most effective forms of leader development. A “stretch” or developmental assignment challenges leaders’ new skills. It pushes them out of their comfort zone to operate in a more complex environment that involves new elements, problems, and dilemmas to resolve.
360-Degree Feedback
The 360-degree feedback approach is a necessary component of leader development that allows leaders to maximize learning opportunities from their current assignments. It systematically provides leaders with perceptions of their performance from various viewpoints, including subordinates, peers, superiors, and the leader’s self-assessment. With information coming from many different sources, the messages may be contradictory and difficult to interpret; however, when several various sources concur on a similar perspective, whether strength or weakness, the clarity of the message increases. For this mechanism to be effective, the leader must accept feedback, be open, and be willing to make changes. Coaching is an effective way to facilitate 360-degree feedback and help effect change using open discussion.
Coaching
Leadership coaching focuses on enhancing the leader’s effectiveness, along with the effectiveness of the team and organization. It involves an intense, one-on-one relationship to impart essential lessons through assessment, challenge, and support. Although the goal of coaching is sometimes to correct a fault, it is used increasingly to help already successful leaders move to the next level of increased responsibilities and new and complex challenges. Coaching moves leaders toward measurable goals that contribute to individual and organizational growth.
Self-directed Learning
Using self-directed learning, individual leaders teach themselves new skills by selecting areas for development, choosing learning avenues, and identifying resources. This type of development is a self-paced process that aims to acquire new skills and gain a broader perspective on leadership responsibilities and what it takes to succeed as a leader.
Leadership Development Models
McCauley, Van Veslor, and Ruderman (2010) described a two-part model for developing leaders. The first part identifies three elements that strengthen developmental experiences: assessment, challenge, and support. Assessment lets leaders know where they stand in strengths, current performance levels, and developmental needs. Challenging experiences stretch leaders’ ability to work outside their comfort zone, develop new skills and abilities, and provide essential learning opportunities. Support—which comes in the form of bosses, co-workers, friends, family, coaches, and mentors—enables leaders to handle the struggle of developing.
The second part of the leader-development model illustrates that the development process involves a variety of developmental experiences and the ability to learn from them. These experiences and the ability to learn also impact each other: leaders with a high ability to learn from experience will seek out developmental experiences, and through these experiences, leaders increase their ability to learn.
The leader-development process is rooted in a particular leadership context, including age, culture, economic conditions, population gender, organizational purpose and mission, and business strategy. This environment molds the leader development process. Leadership contexts are essential aspects of the leader-development model, along with assessment, challenge, and support.
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