11
Diversity and Inclusion in the Workforce
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain the benefits of employee diversity in the workplace
- Discuss the challenges presented by workplace diversity
Diversity is not simply a box to be checked; it is an approach to business that unites ethical management and high performance. Business leaders in the global economy recognize the benefits of a diverse workforce and see it as an organizational strength, not as a mere slogan or a form of regulatory compliance with the law. They recognize that diversity can enhance performance and drive innovation; conversely, adhering to the traditional business practices of the past can cost them, talented employees and loyal customers.
A global management consulting firm McKinsey & Company study indicates that businesses with gender and ethnic diversity outperform others. According to Mike Dillon, chief diversity and inclusion officer for PwC in San Francisco, “attracting, retaining, and developing a diverse group of professionals stirs innovation and drives growth.”
Living this goal means recruiting, hiring, and training talent from a broad demographic spectrum and including all employees in every aspect of the organization.
Workplace Diversity
The twenty-first-century workplace features much greater diversity than was expected a few generations ago. Individuals who might once have faced employment challenges because of religious beliefs, ability differences, or sexual orientation now regularly join their peers in interview pools and on the job. Each may bring a new outlook and different information; employees can no longer assume that their coworkers think the same way they do. This pushes them to question their assumptions, expand their understanding, and appreciate alternate viewpoints. The result is more creative ideas, approaches, and solutions. Thus, diversity may also enhance corporate decision-making.
Communicating with those who differ may require us to make an extra effort and even change our viewpoint. Still, it leads to better collaboration and more favorable outcomes overall. David Rock, director of the Neuro-Leadership Institute in New York City, says diverse coworkers “challenge their own and others’ thinking.”
According to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), organizational diversity now includes more than just racial, gender, and religious differences. It also encompasses different thinking styles and personality types, as well as other factors such as physical and cognitive abilities and sexual orientation, all of which influence the way people perceive the world. “Finding the right mix of individuals to work on teams, and creating the conditions in which they can excel, are key business goals for today’s leaders, given that collaboration has become a paradigm of the twenty-first-century workplace,” according to an SHRM article.
Attracting workers who are not all alike is an essential first step in achieving greater diversity. However, managers cannot stop there. Their goals must also encompass all employees’ inclusion or engagement in the corporate culture. “The far bigger challenge is how people interact with each other once they’re on the job,” says Howard J. Ross, founder, and chief learning officer at Cook Ross, a consulting firm specializing in diversity. “Diversity is being invited to the party; inclusion is being asked to dance. Diversity is about the ingredients, the mix of people and perspectives. Inclusion is about the container—the place that allows employees to feel they belong, both accepted and different.”
Workplace diversity is not a new policy idea; its origins date back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA). Census figures show that women comprised less than 29 percent of the civilian workforce when Congress passed Title VII of the CRA prohibiting workplace discrimination. After the law’s passage, gender diversity in the workplace expanded significantly. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the percentage of women in the labor force increased from 48 percent in 1977 to 60 percent in 1999. Over the last five years, the percentage has held relatively steady at 57 percent. Over the past forty years, the total number of women in the labor force has risen from 41 million in 1977 to 71 million in 2017.
The BLS projects that the number of women in the U.S. labor force will reach 92 million in 2050 (an increase that far outstrips population growth).
The statistical data show a similar trend for African American, Asian American, and Hispanic workers (Figure). Just before the passage of the CRA in 1964, the percentages of minorities in the official on-the-books workforce were relatively small compared with their representation in the total population. In 1966, Asians accounted for just 0.5 percent of private-sector employment, with Hispanics at 2.5 percent and African Americans at 8.2 percent.
However, Hispanic employment numbers have significantly increased since the CRA became law; they are expected to double from 15 percent in 2010 to 30 percent of the labor force in 2050. Similarly, Asian Americans are projected to increase their share from 5 to 8 percent between 2010 and 2050.
Much more progress remains to be made, however. For example, many people think of the technology sector as the workplace of open-minded millennials. Yet Google, as one example of a large and successful company, revealed in its latest diversity statistics that its progress toward a more inclusive workforce might be steady, but it is very slow. Men still account for the great majority of employees at the corporation; only about 30 percent are women, and women fill fewer than 20 percent of Google’s technical roles (Figure). The company has shown a similar lack of gender diversity in leadership roles, where women hold fewer than 25 percent of positions. Despite modest progress, an ocean-sized gap remains to be narrowed. Regarding ethnicity, approximately 56 percent of Google employees are white. About 35 percent are Asian, 3.5 percent are Latino, and 2.4 percent are black, and of the company’s management and leadership roles, 68 percent are held by whites.
Google is not alone in coming up short on diversity. Recruiting and hiring a diverse workforce has been challenging for most major technology companies, including Facebook, Apple, and Yahoo (now owned by Verizon); all have reported gender and ethnic shortfalls in their workforces.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has made available 2014 data comparing the participation of women and minorities in the high-technology sector with their participation in U.S. private-sector employment overall, and the results show the technology sector still lags.
Compared with all private-sector industries, the high-technology industry employs a larger share of whites (68.5%), Asian Americans (14%), and men (64%), and a smaller share of African Americans (7.4%), Latinos (8%), and women (36%). Whites also represent a much higher share of those in the executive category (83.3%), whereas other groups hold a significantly lower share, including African Americans (2%), Latinos (3.1%), and Asian Americans (10.6%). In addition, perhaps not surprisingly, 80 percent of executives are men, and only 20 percent are women. This compares negatively with all other private-sector industries, where 70 percent of executives are men and 30 percent are women.
Technology companies are generally not trying to hide the problem. Many have publicly released diversity statistics since 2014 and have been vocal about their intentions to close diversity gaps. Over thirty technology companies, including Intel, Spotify, Lyft, Airbnb, and Pinterest, signed a written pledge to increase workforce diversity and inclusion. Google pledged to spend more than $100 million to address diversity issues.
Diversity and inclusion are positive steps for business organizations, and despite their sometimes slow pace, the majority are moving in the right direction. Diversity strengthens the company’s internal relationships with employees and improves employee morale and its external relationships with customer groups. Communication, a core value of most successful businesses, becomes more effective with a diverse workforce. Performance improves for multiple reasons, not the least of which is that acknowledging diversity and respecting differences is ethical.
Adding Value through Diversity
Diversity need not be a financial drag on a company, measured as a cost of compliance with no return on the investment. A recent McKinsey & Company study concluded that companies that adopt diversity policies do well financially, realizing what is sometimes called a diversity dividend. The study results demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between better financial performance from companies with a more diverse leadership team, as indicated in (Figure). Companies in the top 25 percent regarding gender diversity were 15 percent more likely to post financial returns above their industry median in the United States. Likewise, companies in the top 25 percent of racial and/or ethnic diversity were 35 percent more likely to show returns exceeding their respective industry median.
These results demonstrate a positive correlation between diversity and performance, rebutting any claim that affirmative action and other such programs are social engineerings, constituting a financial drag on earnings. The results reveal a negative correlation between performance and lack of diversity, with companies in the bottom 25 percent for gender and ethnicity or race proving to be statistically less likely to achieve above-average financial returns than the average companies. Non-diverse companies were not leaders in performance indicators. Positive correlations do not equal causation; more significant gender and ethnic diversity do not automatically translate into profit. Instead, as this chapter shows, they enhance creativity and decision-making, employee satisfaction, an ethical work environment, and customer goodwill, all of which, in turn, improve operations and boost performance.
Diversity is not a concept that matters only for the rank-and-file workforce; it makes a difference at all levels of an organization. The McKinsey & Company study, which examined twenty thousand firms in ninety countries, also found that companies in the top 25 percent for executive and/or board diversity had returns on equity more than 50 percent higher than those that ranked in the lowest 25 percent. Companies with a higher percentage of female executives tended to be more profitable.
Achieving equal representation in employment based on demographic data is ethical because it represents the essential American ideal of equal opportunity for all. It is a basic assumption of an egalitarian society that all have the same chance without being hindered by immutable characteristics. However, there are also directly relevant business reasons to do it. As we saw earlier in this chapter, more diverse companies perform better, but why? The reasons are intriguing and complex. Among them is that diversity improves a company’s chances of attracting top talent and that considering all points of view may lead to better decision-making. Diversity also improves customer experience and employee satisfaction.
To achieve improved results, companies need to expand their definition of diversity beyond race and gender. For example, differences in age, experience, and country of residence may result in a more refined global mindset and cultural fluency, which can help companies succeed in international business. A salesperson may know the language of customers or potential customers from a specific region or country, for example, or a customer service representative may understand the norms of another culture. Diverse product-development teams can grasp what a group of customers may want that is not currently offered.
Resorting to the same approaches repeatedly will not likely result in breakthrough solutions. Diversity, however, provides usefully divergent perspectives on the business challenges companies face. New ideas help solve old problems—another way diversity positively contributes to the bottom line.
The Challenges of a Diverse Workforce
Diversity is not always an instant success; it can sometimes introduce workplace tensions and lead to significant challenges for a business. Some employees simply are slow to come around to a greater appreciation of the value of diversity because they may never have considered this perspective before. Others may be prejudiced and consequently attempt to undermine the success of diversity initiatives in general. In 2017, for example, a senior software engineer’s memo criticizing Google’s diversity initiatives was leaked, creating significant protests on social media and adverse publicity in national news outlets.
The memo asserted “biological causes” and “men’s higher drive for status” to account for women’s unequal representation in Google’s technology departments and leadership.
Google’s response was quick. The engineer was fired, and statements were released emphasizing the company’s commitment to diversity.
Although Google was applauded for its quick response, some argued that an employee should be free to express personal opinions without punishment (even though there is no right to free speech while at work in the private sector).
In the latest development, the fired engineer and a coworker filed a class-action lawsuit against Google on behalf of three specific groups of employees who claim Google has discriminated against them: whites, conservatives, and men.
This is not just the standard “reverse discrimination” lawsuit; it goes to the heart of the culture of diversity and one of its most significant challenges for management—the backlash against change.
In February 2018, the National Labor Relations Board ruled that Google’s termination of the engineer did not violate federal labor law and that Google had discharged the employee only for inappropriate but unprotected conduct or speech that demeaned women and had no relationship to any terms of employment. Although this ruling settles the administrative labor law aspect of the case, it does not affect the private wrongful termination lawsuit filed by the engineer, which is still proceeding.
Yet other employees are resistant to change in whatever form it takes. As inclusion initiatives and considerations of diversity become more prominent in employment practices, wise leaders should be prepared to fully explain the advantages to the company of greater diversity in the workforce and make the appropriate accommodations to support it. Accommodations can take various forms. For example, if you hire more women, should you change how you run meetings so everyone can be heard? Have you recognized that women returning to work after childrearing may bring improved skills such as time management or working well under pressure? Should you set aside a prayer room if hiring more people of different faiths? Should you give out tickets to football games as incentives? Or build team spirit with trips to a local bar? Your managers may need to accept that these initiatives may not suit everyone. Adherents of some faiths may abstain from alcohol, and some people prefer cultural events to sports. Many might welcome a menu of perquisites (“perks”) from which to choose, which will not necessarily be the ones valued in the past. Mentoring new and diverse peers can help erase bias and overcome preconceptions about others. However, all levels of a company must be engaged in achieving diversity, and all must work together to overcome resistance.
Summary
A diverse workforce yields many positive outcomes for a company. Access to a deep talent pool, positive customer experiences, and firm performance are all documented positives. Diversity may also bring some initial challenges, and some employees can be reluctant to see its advantages. Still, committed managers can deal with these obstacles effectively and make diversity a success through inclusion.
Endnotes
- 1Novid Parsi, “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion Gets Innovative,” Society for Human Resource Management, January 16, 2017. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0217/pages/disrupting-diversity-in-the-workplace.aspx.
- 2Novid Parsi, “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion Gets Innovative,” Society for Human Resource Management, January 16, 2017. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0217/pages/disrupting-diversity-in-the-workplace.aspx.
- 3Novid Parsi, “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion Gets Innovative,” Society for Human Resource Management, January 16, 2017. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0217/pages/disrupting-diversity-in-the-workplace.aspx.
- 4Novid Parsi, “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion Gets Innovative,” Society for Human Resource Management, January 16, 2017. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0217/pages/disrupting-diversity-in-the-workplace.aspx.
- 5“Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Household Data Annual Averages. 2. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 16 Years and Over by Sex, 1977 to date,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat02.htm (accessed July 22, 2018).
- 6“Indicators (2013),” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/employment/jobpat-eeo1/2013_indicators.cfm (accessed January 10, 2018).
- 7Google, https://diversity.google/annual-report/# (accessed July 10, 2018).
- 8“Diversity in High Tech,” U.S. EEOC. https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/reports/hightech/ (accessed January 12, 2018).
- 9Lisa Eadicicco, “Google’s Diversity Efforts Still Have a Long Way to Go,” Time, July 1, 2016. http://time.com/4391031/google-diversity-statistics-2016/.
- 10Pubali Neogy, “Diversity in Workplace Can Be a Game Changer,” Yahoo India Finance, June 18, 2018. Neogy states that greater diversity in the workplace fosters “creativity and innovation,” “opens global opportunities” for the firm, “fosters adaptability and better working culture,” and generally “improves companies’ bottom lines.” https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/diversity-workplace-can-game-changer-heres-183319670.html.
- 11Vivian Hunt, Dennis Layton, and Sara Prince, “Why Diversity Matters,” McKinsey & Company, January 2015. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/why-diversity-matters.
- 12Marcus Noland, Tyler Moran, and Barbara Kotschwar, “Is Gender Diversity Profitable? Evidence from a Global Survey,” Working Paper 16-3, Peterson Institute for International Economics, February 2016. https://piie.com/publications/working-papers/gender-diversity-profitable-evidence-global-survey.
- 13Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve inside Google and Out,” New York Times, August 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html.
- 14Bill Chappell and Laura Sydell, “Google Reportedly Fires Employee Who Slammed Diversity Efforts,” National Public Radio, August 7, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/07/542020041/google-grapples-with-fallout-after-employee-slams-diversity-efforts.
- 15Sara Ashley O’Brien, “Engineers Sue Google for Allegedly Discriminating against White Men and Conservatives,” CNN/Money, January 8, 2018. http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/08/technology/james-damore-google-lawsuit/index.html.
- 16Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google Legally Fired Diversity Memo Author, Labor Agency Says,” New York Times, February 16, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/business/google-memo-firing.html.
- 17Michael Bush and Kim Peters, “How the Best Companies Do Diversity Right,” Fortune, December 5, 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/12/05/diversity-inclusion-workplaces/.
- 18Michael Bush and Kim Peters, “How the Best Companies Do Diversity Right,” Fortune, December 5, 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/12/05/diversity-inclusion-workplaces/.
Glossary
- diversity dividend
- the financial benefit of improved performance resulting from a diverse workforce
- inclusion
- the engagement of all employees in the corporate culture
Diversity and Inclusion in the Workforce by Rice University https://opentextbc.ca/businessethicsopenstax/chapter/diversity-and-inclusion-in-the-workforce/ Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted