{"id":179,"date":"2019-06-28T19:30:20","date_gmt":"2019-06-28T19:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/chapter\/rocks-and-the-rock-cycle-final-exam\/"},"modified":"2023-03-24T15:03:19","modified_gmt":"2023-03-24T15:03:19","slug":"rocks-and-the-rock-cycle-final-exam","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/chapter\/rocks-and-the-rock-cycle-final-exam\/","title":{"raw":"Rocks and the Rock Cycle","rendered":"Rocks and the Rock Cycle"},"content":{"raw":"Rock Cycle <a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/Y6YFsdZ5vup3T2BWA\">Formative Assessment<\/a>\n\n<strong>Types of Rocks<\/strong>\n\nRocks are classified as three types: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Igneous<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Sedimentary<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Metamorphic<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>formed when magma cools<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>formed when many small particles called sediments are compacted together over time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>formed when existing rocks undergo extreme heat and pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>The early Earth was made of liquid magma that then cooled to form solid rocks, so this was the first type of rock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>Fossils are always found in sedimentary rocks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\u00a0The word metamorphic means to transform or change shape; you may have heard the term metamorphosis--the process in which a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\">Intrusive Igneous Rocks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\">Extrusive Igneous Rocks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">When magma cools underground, it cools more slowly. Since it is inside Earth, it is well protected and forms larger crystals. This is called an intrusive rock.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">When magma cools in water or on the surface of Earth, like after a volcano erupts, it cools more quickly and forms smaller crystals. This is called an extrusive rock.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<strong>Rock Cycle<\/strong>\n\nThe key processes in the rock cycle are heat &amp; pressure and [pb_glossary id=\"277\"]weathering[\/pb_glossary] &amp; [pb_glossary id=\"278\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary]. Each type of rock can undergo different changes that affect its form and the type of rock it is.\n\n<strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">Igneous rocks<\/span><\/strong>:\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to become a metamorphic rock<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion to become a sedimentary rock<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma again. Then, it will cool and re-form as an igneous rock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Sedimentary rocks<\/strong><\/span>:\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to become a metamorphic rock<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion, thereby breaking apart into sediments. Then, these sediments can be compacted again into sedimentary rocks.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma or igneous rock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Metamorphic rocks<\/strong><\/span>:\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to transform into another metamorphic rock<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion to become a sedimentary rock<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma and igneous rock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"393\"]<img class=\"wp-image-177 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/31\/files\/2019\/06\/EFCycleP2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"350\"> \"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cotf.edu\/ete\/modules\/msese\/earthsysflr\/rock.html\">The Rock Cycle<\/a>\"<br>Copyright \u00a9 1999-2003, Wheeling Jesuit University\/Center for Educational Technologies\u00ae. All rights reserved. Full copyright statement found <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cotf.edu\/ete\/common\/copyright.html\">here<\/a>.[\/caption]\n\n<strong>Geodes<\/strong>\n\nA [pb_glossary id=\"280\"]geode[\/pb_glossary] forms when a cavity forms in a rock, which can occur in different ways. One way a cavity can form occurs when a bubble of carbon dioxide and water vapor forms in flowing lava. As the molten rock cools and the gas dissolves, an empty space is left behind. Another possibility in which a cavity can form occurs when lava solidifies under water. Sometimes the outside of the melted rock cools before the inside, which becomes brittle and breaks a little bit due to the weight of the liquid inside.\n\nHowever, cavities can also form in sedimentary rocks, such as limestone and sandstone, which produce the geodes we find in Iowa. In these particular rocks, the leading theory is that after deposition there was a period of erosion. In this time, the believe is that a more dense object carved out the cavity from the inside, like a shell moving around and gouging out the hollow space.\u00a0 Then, a period of deposition occurred where mineral infused water penetrated the permeable surface and began filling the geode with quartz. In other cases, organic material, like a piece of wood, gets buried in the sediment and eventually weathers over time, leaving behind empty space. Once these rocks are hollow, or at least semi-hollow, various minerals are able to seep in through the rock\u2019s microscopic pores, creating crystalline structures over long periods of time. Different minerals form different types and colors of crystals inside the geodes.\n\n<strong>Archimedes\u2019 Principle<\/strong>\n\nArchimedes' principle says that the weight of the displaced liquid is equal to the weight of the object. In class, we apply Archimedes' Principle to figure out how dense a geode is. A geode that is less dense will have more crystals inside, which is usually the kind of geode you see cut open.\n\nWatch the video, below, for an explanation of Archimedes' Principle.\n\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ijj58xD5fDI\n<h5>Video credit: \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ijj58xD5fDI\">How taking a bath led to Archimedes' Principle<\/a>\" by Mark Salata\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/TEDEducation\">TED-Ed<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u00a0<\/a><\/h5>\nLike the Archimedes' crown, a geode is an irregular shape so it is hard to measure the volume. We can use Archimedes' principle to figure out whether a geode is solid or hollow. To do this, calculate the specific gravity of the geode.\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Specific gravity<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>Formula for specific gravity:\u00a0W(air) \/ (W(air)-W(water))\n<ul>\n \t<li>Weight of displaced liquid = weight of the object<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>The specific gravity for a geode is 2.7.\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the formula equals 2.7, it is likely the geode is solid quartz.<\/li>\n \t<li>If the formula equals less than 2.7, the geode will be more hollow and have more crystals inside.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<strong>Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition<\/strong>\n\nWeathering is the breakdown of rocks on Earth's surface. There are two types of weathering:\n<ol>\n \t<li>Mechanical: also known as physical weathering, rock is broken down into smaller fragments due to water, wind, or other conditions such as temperature and pressure changes<\/li>\n \t<li>Chemical: chemical reactions change the molecular structure of the rock<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After the rocks are broken down through weathering, erosion can occur. Erosion is the process by which the small bits of rock are transported to a new location. Finally, deposition occurs when the particles are added to or deposited at a new location. These three processes act as a cycle, continually breaking down and building up different parts of Earth's landscape.<\/span>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaway<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n<strong>Weathering<\/strong> is the making the mess and <strong>Erosion<\/strong> is cleaning it up.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">K-6 Standards<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n2-ESS2-1. Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing\nthe shape of the land.\n\n4-ESS2-1. Make observations and\/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of\nweathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<strong>Sand<\/strong>\n\nSand is any rocky material that is bigger in size than silt and smaller than gravel. Sand is created when rocks are [pb_glossary id=\"277\"]weathered[\/pb_glossary], or broken down, in one of two ways: by water or by wind. When wind or water continually passes over a rock, it breaks it down into smaller and smaller pieces and sand is formed. Sand that was formed from weathering by wind tends to be pitted and frosted in appearance because other grains of sand have constantly been pelted against the rock. Sand that was formed from weathering by water tends to be smooth and polished because the water has continually passed over the rock.\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Where did this sand come from?<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 0%;height: 60px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Type of Sand<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 30px\">Weathering by wind<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 30px\">Dunes in the desert<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 30px\">Scratched or frosted, pitted, uniform in size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\">Weathering by water<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 15px\">Rocks near water<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\">Rounded, polished, smooth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nLike fossils, sand can also tell a story. Based on where it is found in the world, sand is composed of different materials. Thus, it can also come in a variety of colors such as black, white, green, red and pink. Black sand, for example, is made from lava that has cooled to form an igneous rock; one place it can be found is near volcanoes in Hawaii.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/31\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\"> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/madbuster75\/3668555373\/\">Hawaii Black Sand Beach<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/madbuster75\/\">Ryan Keene<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\nNGSS\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>5-ESS2-1.<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>Developing and Using Models<\/h4><p>Modeling in 3\u20135 builds on K\u20132 experiences and progresses to building and revising simple models and using models <\/p> <p>to represent events and design solutions.<\/p><ul><li>Develop a model using an example to describe a scientific principle.<\/li><\/ul>\">Develop a model using an example to describe<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/h4><ul><li>Earth\u2019s major systems are the geosphere (solid and molten rock, soil, and sediments), the <\/p> <p>hydrosphere (water and ice), the atmosphere (air), and the biosphere (living things, including humans). These systems interact in multiple ways to affect Earth\u2019s surface materials and processes. The <\/p> <p>ocean supports a variety of ecosystems and organisms, shapes landforms, and influences climate. Winds and clouds in the atmosphere interact with the landforms to determine patterns of <\/p> <p>weather.\">ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and\/or atmosphere<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>Systems and System Models<\/h4><ul><li>A system can be described in terms of its components and their interactions. \">interact.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"red\">[Clarification Statement: Examples could include the influence of the ocean on ecosystems, landform shape, and climate; the influence of the atmosphere on landforms and ecosystems through weather and climate; and the influence of mountain ranges on winds and clouds in the atmosphere. The geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are each a system.] [<em>Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to the interactions of two systems at a time.<\/em>]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>MS-ESS2-1.<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>Developing and Using Models<\/h4><p>Modeling in 6\u20138 builds on K\u20135 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems.<\/p><ul><li>Develop and use a model to describe phenomena.<\/li><\/ul>\">Develop a model to describe<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>Stability and Change<\/h4><p><\/p><ul><li>Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale.<\/li><\/ul>\">the cycling of<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"<h4>ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/h4><p><\/p><ul><li>All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet\u2019s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth\u2019s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth\u2019s materials and living organisms.<\/li><\/ul>\">Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"red\">[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation, which act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth\u2019s materials.]\u00a0[<em>Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification and naming of minerals.<\/em>]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n&nbsp;\n\nDCI\n\n&nbsp;\n\nSecond grade\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">Wind and water can change the shape of the land. (2-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\nfifth grade\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">Earth\u2019s major systems are the geosphere (solid and molten rock, soil, and sediments), the hydrosphere (water and ice), the atmosphere (air), and the biosphere (living things, including humans). These systems interact in multiple ways to affect Earth\u2019s surface materials and processes. The ocean supports a variety of ecosystems and organisms, shapes landforms, and influences climate. Winds and clouds in the atmosphere interact with the landforms to determine patterns of weather. (5-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\nmiddle school\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth\u2019s Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet\u2019s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth\u2019s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth\u2019s materials and living organisms. (MS-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\ncrosscutting\n\nmiddle school\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=87\">Cause and Effect<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=87\">Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-ESS3-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=94\">Energy and Matter<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=94\">Within a natural or designed system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and\/or cycling of matter. (MS-ESS2-4)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=98\">Stability and Change<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=98\">Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale. (MS-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>Rock Cycle <a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/Y6YFsdZ5vup3T2BWA\">Formative Assessment<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Types of Rocks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rocks are classified as three types: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.<\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Igneous<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Sedimentary<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center\"><strong>Metamorphic<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>formed when magma cools<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>formed when many small particles called sediments are compacted together over time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>formed when existing rocks undergo extreme heat and pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>The early Earth was made of liquid magma that then cooled to form solid rocks, so this was the first type of rock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fossils are always found in sedimentary rocks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0The word metamorphic means to transform or change shape; you may have heard the term metamorphosis&#8211;the process in which a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\">Intrusive Igneous Rocks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\">Extrusive Igneous Rocks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">When magma cools underground, it cools more slowly. Since it is inside Earth, it is well protected and forms larger crystals. This is called an intrusive rock.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">When magma cools in water or on the surface of Earth, like after a volcano erupts, it cools more quickly and forms smaller crystals. This is called an extrusive rock.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Rock Cycle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The key processes in the rock cycle are heat &amp; pressure and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_179_277\">weathering<\/a> &amp; <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_179_278\">erosion<\/a>. Each type of rock can undergo different changes that affect its form and the type of rock it is.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">Igneous rocks<\/span><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to become a metamorphic rock<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion to become a sedimentary rock<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma again. Then, it will cool and re-form as an igneous rock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Sedimentary rocks<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to become a metamorphic rock<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion, thereby breaking apart into sediments. Then, these sediments can be compacted again into sedimentary rocks.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma or igneous rock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Metamorphic rocks<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo heat and pressure to transform into another metamorphic rock<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can undergo weathering and erosion to become a sedimentary rock<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can melt and become magma and igneous rock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-178\" style=\"width: 393px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-177 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/31\/files\/2019\/06\/EFCycleP2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"350\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cotf.edu\/ete\/modules\/msese\/earthsysflr\/rock.html\">The Rock Cycle<\/a>&#8220;<br \/>Copyright \u00a9 1999-2003, Wheeling Jesuit University\/Center for Educational Technologies\u00ae. All rights reserved. Full copyright statement found <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cotf.edu\/ete\/common\/copyright.html\">here<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Geodes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_179_280\">geode<\/a> forms when a cavity forms in a rock, which can occur in different ways. One way a cavity can form occurs when a bubble of carbon dioxide and water vapor forms in flowing lava. As the molten rock cools and the gas dissolves, an empty space is left behind. Another possibility in which a cavity can form occurs when lava solidifies under water. Sometimes the outside of the melted rock cools before the inside, which becomes brittle and breaks a little bit due to the weight of the liquid inside.<\/p>\n<p>However, cavities can also form in sedimentary rocks, such as limestone and sandstone, which produce the geodes we find in Iowa. In these particular rocks, the leading theory is that after deposition there was a period of erosion. In this time, the believe is that a more dense object carved out the cavity from the inside, like a shell moving around and gouging out the hollow space.\u00a0 Then, a period of deposition occurred where mineral infused water penetrated the permeable surface and began filling the geode with quartz. In other cases, organic material, like a piece of wood, gets buried in the sediment and eventually weathers over time, leaving behind empty space. Once these rocks are hollow, or at least semi-hollow, various minerals are able to seep in through the rock\u2019s microscopic pores, creating crystalline structures over long periods of time. Different minerals form different types and colors of crystals inside the geodes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Archimedes\u2019 Principle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Archimedes&#8217; principle says that the weight of the displaced liquid is equal to the weight of the object. In class, we apply Archimedes&#8217; Principle to figure out how dense a geode is. A geode that is less dense will have more crystals inside, which is usually the kind of geode you see cut open.<\/p>\n<p>Watch the video, below, for an explanation of Archimedes&#8217; Principle.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How taking a bath led to Archimedes&#39; principle - Mark Salata\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ijj58xD5fDI?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h5>Video credit: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ijj58xD5fDI\">How taking a bath led to Archimedes&#8217; Principle<\/a>&#8221; by Mark Salata\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/TEDEducation\">TED-Ed<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u00a0<\/a><\/h5>\n<p>Like the Archimedes&#8217; crown, a geode is an irregular shape so it is hard to measure the volume. We can use Archimedes&#8217; principle to figure out whether a geode is solid or hollow. To do this, calculate the specific gravity of the geode.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Specific gravity<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formula for specific gravity:\u00a0W(air) \/ (W(air)-W(water))\n<ul>\n<li>Weight of displaced liquid = weight of the object<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The specific gravity for a geode is 2.7.\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the formula equals 2.7, it is likely the geode is solid quartz.<\/li>\n<li>If the formula equals less than 2.7, the geode will be more hollow and have more crystals inside.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Weathering is the breakdown of rocks on Earth&#8217;s surface. There are two types of weathering:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mechanical: also known as physical weathering, rock is broken down into smaller fragments due to water, wind, or other conditions such as temperature and pressure changes<\/li>\n<li>Chemical: chemical reactions change the molecular structure of the rock<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After the rocks are broken down through weathering, erosion can occur. Erosion is the process by which the small bits of rock are transported to a new location. Finally, deposition occurs when the particles are added to or deposited at a new location. These three processes act as a cycle, continually breaking down and building up different parts of Earth&#8217;s landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaway<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Weathering<\/strong> is the making the mess and <strong>Erosion<\/strong> is cleaning it up.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">K-6 Standards<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>2-ESS2-1. Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing<br \/>\nthe shape of the land.<\/p>\n<p>4-ESS2-1. Make observations and\/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of<br \/>\nweathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sand<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sand is any rocky material that is bigger in size than silt and smaller than gravel. Sand is created when rocks are <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_179_277\">weathered<\/a>, or broken down, in one of two ways: by water or by wind. When wind or water continually passes over a rock, it breaks it down into smaller and smaller pieces and sand is formed. Sand that was formed from weathering by wind tends to be pitted and frosted in appearance because other grains of sand have constantly been pelted against the rock. Sand that was formed from weathering by water tends to be smooth and polished because the water has continually passed over the rock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Where did this sand come from?<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 0%;height: 60px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Type of Sand<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\"><strong>Characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 30px\">Weathering by wind<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 30px\">Dunes in the desert<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 30px\">Scratched or frosted, pitted, uniform in size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\">Weathering by water<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 206.4375px;height: 15px\">Rocks near water<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.9375px;height: 15px\">Rounded, polished, smooth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Like fossils, sand can also tell a story. Based on where it is found in the world, sand is composed of different materials. Thus, it can also come in a variety of colors such as black, white, green, red and pink. Black sand, for example, is made from lava that has cooled to form an igneous rock; one place it can be found is near volcanoes in Hawaii.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-178\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-178 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/31\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/files\/2023\/03\/3668555373_04826c3959_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/madbuster75\/3668555373\/\">Hawaii Black Sand Beach<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/madbuster75\/\">Ryan Keene<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NGSS<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>5-ESS2-1.<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">Developing and Using ModelsModeling in 3\u20135 builds on K\u20132 experiences and progresses to building and revising simple models and using models  to represent events and design solutions.Develop a model using an example to describe a scientific principle.&#8220;&gt;Develop a model using an example to describe<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and SystemsEarth\u2019s major systems are the geosphere (solid and molten rock, soil, and sediments), the  hydrosphere (water and ice), the atmosphere (air), and the biosphere (living things, including humans). These systems interact in multiple ways to affect Earth\u2019s surface materials and processes. The  ocean supports a variety of ecosystems and organisms, shapes landforms, and influences climate. Winds and clouds in the atmosphere interact with the landforms to determine patterns of  weather.&#8221;&gt;ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and\/or atmosphere<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">Systems and System ModelsA system can be described in terms of its components and their interactions. &#8220;&gt;interact.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"red\">[Clarification Statement: Examples could include the influence of the ocean on ecosystems, landform shape, and climate; the influence of the atmosphere on landforms and ecosystems through weather and climate; and the influence of mountain ranges on winds and clouds in the atmosphere. The geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are each a system.] [<em>Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to the interactions of two systems at a time.<\/em>]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>MS-ESS2-1.<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">Developing and Using ModelsModeling in 6\u20138 builds on K\u20135 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems.Develop and use a model to describe phenomena.&#8220;&gt;Develop a model to describe<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">Stability and ChangeExplanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale.&#8220;&gt;the cycling of<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"popup\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" title=\"\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and SystemsAll Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet\u2019s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth\u2019s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth\u2019s materials and living organisms.&#8220;&gt;Earth&#8217;s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"red\">[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation, which act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth\u2019s materials.]\u00a0[<em>Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification and naming of minerals.<\/em>]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>DCI<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Second grade<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">Wind and water can change the shape of the land. (2-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>fifth grade<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">Earth\u2019s major systems are the geosphere (solid and molten rock, soil, and sediments), the hydrosphere (water and ice), the atmosphere (air), and the biosphere (living things, including humans). These systems interact in multiple ways to affect Earth\u2019s surface materials and processes. The ocean supports a variety of ecosystems and organisms, shapes landforms, and influences climate. Winds and clouds in the atmosphere interact with the landforms to determine patterns of weather. (5-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>middle school<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">ESS2.A: Earth\u2019s Materials and Systems<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=179\">All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet\u2019s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth\u2019s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth\u2019s materials and living organisms. (MS-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>crosscutting<\/p>\n<p>middle school<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=87\">Cause and Effect<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=87\">Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-ESS3-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=94\">Energy and Matter<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=94\">Within a natural or designed system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and\/or cycling of matter. (MS-ESS2-4)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=98\">Stability and Change<\/a><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?record_id=13165&amp;page=98\">Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale. (MS-ESS2-1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_179_277\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_179_277\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of rocks on Earth's surface<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_179_278\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_179_278\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Process by which broken down rocks are carried to a new location.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_179_280\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_179_280\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a rock containing a cavity lined with crystals or other mineral matter<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":11,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-179","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":156,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":412,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/revisions\/412"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/156"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/methods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}