{"id":286,"date":"2026-01-28T19:03:12","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T19:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=286"},"modified":"2026-03-26T13:13:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T13:13:13","slug":"chapter-9-age-verification","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/chapter\/chapter-9-age-verification\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 9 - Age Verification","rendered":"Chapter 9 &#8211; Age Verification"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>\u201cReddit doesn\u2019t require users to share information about their identities, regardless of age, because we are deeply committed to their privacy and safety.... <a href=\"https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/about-the-ico\/media-centre\/news-and-blogs\/2026\/02\/reddit-issued-with-1447m-fine-for-children-s-privacy-failures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The ICO\u2019s insistence<\/a> that we collect more private information on every UK user is counterintuitive and at odds with our strong belief in our users\u2019 online privacy and safety. We intend to appeal the ICO\u2019s decision.\u201d<\/em> - <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2026\/02\/uk-fines-reddit-for-not-checking-user-ages-aggressively-enough\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reddit<\/a> corporate communication.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>\u00a0Overview<\/h2>\r\nAt face value, age verification in social media makes perfect sense: Why would we want 12 year olds hooked on TikTok scrolling? But at what point does age verification spill over into issues of personal privacy?\r\n\r\nIn late 2025, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/litigation\/australia-social-media-ban-takes-effect-world-first-2025-12-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Australian government<\/a> made the bold step to pass legislation that regulates access to certain social media systems to protect children from the harms they have identified as associated with misuse. In March 2026, Meta (the owner of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp) and Google's YouTube were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c747x7gz249o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">held liable in court<\/a> for the addictive effects of their social media products. <a href=\"https:\/\/risk.lexisnexis.com\/insights-resources\/article\/online-age-verification-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Numerous other nations<\/a> have similar access restrictions, as have many states in the U.S.\r\n\r\nYet, even with these mechanisms, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scitepress.org\/Papers\/2025\/132483\/132483.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is unclear how effective<\/a> these measure have been in achieving the goals for which they were intended. Does this \"leakage\" negate their effort, or does the friction of regulated access send a more important message about the potential harms of misuse, even if they are not 100% effective?\r\n\r\nThis issue raises strong opinions about how we control the social media systems that are a near-necessity in adolescent social behavior. Privacy advocates suggest that a more insidious effect will occur if we allow private companies to capture PII and biometric data. Can we always assure that our private data will be managed securely?\r\n\r\nHow do your app and story ideas land in this issue?\r\n<h2>What should you be focusing on?<\/h2>\r\nYour objectives in this module are to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the various methods used in age verification systems and how they are integrated into social media systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Construct supporting arguments for the use or non-use of age verification requirements in the context of your app idea or story.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Readings &amp; Media<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3><em>Thematic narrative in this chapter<\/em><\/h3>\r\nIn the following readings and media, the authors will present the following themes:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Some companies are imposing age verification and other limitations to their systems as a response to external pressure to protect children from harmful effects.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>External verification providers conduct their work through various techniques that include disclosure of PII and biometric data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are numerous risks to privacy associated with requiring age verification.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrust.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/age-verification-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Age Verification: Definition &amp; How it Works<\/a>\" by Charlotte Bowyer via Entrust, January 31, 2025<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is an article published by a company that provides age verification services. The content is valid, but consider their point of view as a factor in how they frame the issue.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esafety.gov.au\/about-us\/industry-regulation\/social-media-age-restrictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social media age restrictions<\/a>\" by the eSafety Commissioner, Australian Government, January 13, 2026<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is the official announcement posted by the Australian government that triggered worldwide attention in late 2025. <strong>Skim this article<\/strong> and review the criteria that determines if an app or system is regulated by this law. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esafety.gov.au\/about-us\/industry-regulation\/social-media-age-restrictions\/faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review the FAQ page<\/a> that includes disclosure on how age verification will be conducted.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.character.ai\/u18-chat-announcement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taking Bold Steps to Keep Teen Users Safe on Character.AI<\/a>\" by CharacterAI, Oct 29, 2025.<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is the official corporate announcement from CharacterAI explaining their rationale for a change in their policy to require age verification and other controls. Carefully review the specific limitations they now impose in the follow-up post: <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.character.ai\/an-update-on-changes-to-our-under-18-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Update On Changes to Our Under-18 Experience<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Blog:<\/strong> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/CharacterAI\/comments\/1ojlacr\/it_is_officially_over\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is officially over<\/a>\" r\/CharacterAI subReddit, November, 2025.<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is a user-generated subReddit in response to CharacterAI's decision to employ age verification to access their AI virtual companions. While this is not a scholarly source, it is useful to capture the sentiment of users directly. <em>Warning: some of the language is coarse<\/em>. As you scroll through the comments, observe the various arguments and counter-arguments and note which seem more or less stronger than others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2025\/12\/10-not-so-hidden-dangers-age-verification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 (Not So) Hidden Dangers of Age Verification<\/a>\" by Rindala Alajaji via Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), December 24th, 2025<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/about\/history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EFF<\/a> has been a leader in advocating for privacy and free speech since 1990. This article describes the landscape of age verification from an opposing position. As you read this article, identify any arguments against age verification that would apply to your app idea or story.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> \"The Age Verification Trap Verifying user\u2019s ages undermines everyone\u2019s data protection\" by Waydell D. Carvalho via IEEE Spectrum, February 23rd, 2026.<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ieee.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEEE<\/a> is a global standards bearing organization that publishes research for industry and technology. This article touches upon similar themes from the EFF article, but from an international perspective.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Optional: Supplemental resources related to age verification<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Article:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>\u201cReddit doesn\u2019t require users to share information about their identities, regardless of age, because we are deeply committed to their privacy and safety&#8230;. <a href=\"https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/about-the-ico\/media-centre\/news-and-blogs\/2026\/02\/reddit-issued-with-1447m-fine-for-children-s-privacy-failures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The ICO\u2019s insistence<\/a> that we collect more private information on every UK user is counterintuitive and at odds with our strong belief in our users\u2019 online privacy and safety. We intend to appeal the ICO\u2019s decision.\u201d<\/em> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2026\/02\/uk-fines-reddit-for-not-checking-user-ages-aggressively-enough\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reddit<\/a> corporate communication.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Overview<\/h2>\n<p>At face value, age verification in social media makes perfect sense: Why would we want 12 year olds hooked on TikTok scrolling? But at what point does age verification spill over into issues of personal privacy?<\/p>\n<p>In late 2025, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/litigation\/australia-social-media-ban-takes-effect-world-first-2025-12-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Australian government<\/a> made the bold step to pass legislation that regulates access to certain social media systems to protect children from the harms they have identified as associated with misuse. In March 2026, Meta (the owner of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp) and Google&#8217;s YouTube were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c747x7gz249o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">held liable in court<\/a> for the addictive effects of their social media products. <a href=\"https:\/\/risk.lexisnexis.com\/insights-resources\/article\/online-age-verification-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Numerous other nations<\/a> have similar access restrictions, as have many states in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, even with these mechanisms, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scitepress.org\/Papers\/2025\/132483\/132483.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is unclear how effective<\/a> these measure have been in achieving the goals for which they were intended. Does this &#8220;leakage&#8221; negate their effort, or does the friction of regulated access send a more important message about the potential harms of misuse, even if they are not 100% effective?<\/p>\n<p>This issue raises strong opinions about how we control the social media systems that are a near-necessity in adolescent social behavior. Privacy advocates suggest that a more insidious effect will occur if we allow private companies to capture PII and biometric data. Can we always assure that our private data will be managed securely?<\/p>\n<p>How do your app and story ideas land in this issue?<\/p>\n<h2>What should you be focusing on?<\/h2>\n<p>Your objectives in this module are to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the various methods used in age verification systems and how they are integrated into social media systems.<\/li>\n<li>Construct supporting arguments for the use or non-use of age verification requirements in the context of your app idea or story.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Readings &amp; Media<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3><em>Thematic narrative in this chapter<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>In the following readings and media, the authors will present the following themes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Some companies are imposing age verification and other limitations to their systems as a response to external pressure to protect children from harmful effects.<\/li>\n<li>External verification providers conduct their work through various techniques that include disclosure of PII and biometric data.<\/li>\n<li>There are numerous risks to privacy associated with requiring age verification.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrust.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/age-verification-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Age Verification: Definition &amp; How it Works<\/a>&#8221; by Charlotte Bowyer via Entrust, January 31, 2025<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is an article published by a company that provides age verification services. The content is valid, but consider their point of view as a factor in how they frame the issue.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esafety.gov.au\/about-us\/industry-regulation\/social-media-age-restrictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social media age restrictions<\/a>&#8221; by the eSafety Commissioner, Australian Government, January 13, 2026<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is the official announcement posted by the Australian government that triggered worldwide attention in late 2025. <strong>Skim this article<\/strong> and review the criteria that determines if an app or system is regulated by this law. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esafety.gov.au\/about-us\/industry-regulation\/social-media-age-restrictions\/faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review the FAQ page<\/a> that includes disclosure on how age verification will be conducted.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.character.ai\/u18-chat-announcement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taking Bold Steps to Keep Teen Users Safe on Character.AI<\/a>&#8221; by CharacterAI, Oct 29, 2025.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is the official corporate announcement from CharacterAI explaining their rationale for a change in their policy to require age verification and other controls. Carefully review the specific limitations they now impose in the follow-up post: <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.character.ai\/an-update-on-changes-to-our-under-18-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Update On Changes to Our Under-18 Experience<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Blog:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/CharacterAI\/comments\/1ojlacr\/it_is_officially_over\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is officially over<\/a>&#8221; r\/CharacterAI subReddit, November, 2025.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">This is a user-generated subReddit in response to CharacterAI&#8217;s decision to employ age verification to access their AI virtual companions. While this is not a scholarly source, it is useful to capture the sentiment of users directly. <em>Warning: some of the language is coarse<\/em>. As you scroll through the comments, observe the various arguments and counter-arguments and note which seem more or less stronger than others.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2025\/12\/10-not-so-hidden-dangers-age-verification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 (Not So) Hidden Dangers of Age Verification<\/a>&#8221; by Rindala Alajaji via Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), December 24th, 2025<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/about\/history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EFF<\/a> has been a leader in advocating for privacy and free speech since 1990. This article describes the landscape of age verification from an opposing position. As you read this article, identify any arguments against age verification that would apply to your app idea or story.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"background-color: #993300;color: #ffffff\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Required\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Article:<\/strong> &#8220;The Age Verification Trap Verifying user\u2019s ages undermines everyone\u2019s data protection&#8221; by Waydell D. Carvalho via IEEE Spectrum, February 23rd, 2026.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ieee.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEEE<\/a> is a global standards bearing organization that publishes research for industry and technology. This article touches upon similar themes from the EFF article, but from an international perspective.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Optional: Supplemental resources related to age verification<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Article:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-286","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":26,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/286","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/286\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":293,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/286\/revisions\/293"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/26"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/286\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=286"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=286"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=286"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.usnh.edu\/com680\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=286"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}